Age and family history
Risk rises notably after 55, and family history and genetics both play a part. Tell your eye doctor if AMD runs in your family so they can watch you more closely.
Macular Health / Prevention
How to Reduce Your Risk of AMD
You cannot change your age or your genes, but a surprising amount of your risk for age-related macular degeneration is in your hands. The same habits that protect your heart also protect your macula. Here are the steps that matter most, in order of impact.
Key takeaways
- Not smoking is the single most powerful step you can take for your macula.
- A diet rich in leafy greens, colorful vegetables, and fish gives the macula the nutrients it uses.
- Protecting your eyes from strong sunlight, staying active, and keeping your heart healthy all lower risk.
- You cannot change age or family history, but you can catch AMD early with regular dilated eye exams.
- For prevention, focus on habits first. Eye vitamins like AREDS2 are for people who already have AMD, not a proven way to prevent it.
Quick answer
Can I lower my AMD risk?
Yes, to a meaningful degree. The biggest lever by far is not smoking. After that, eat for your eyes with greens and fish, protect them from strong sunlight, stay active, and keep your blood pressure, cholesterol, and weight in a healthy range. None of this guarantees you will never get AMD, but together these habits lower your risk and slow the disease if you already have it. Regular eye exams catch it early.
The steps that matter most, in order of impact
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Do not smoke
Smoking is the largest risk factor for AMD that you can actually control. It harms the blood supply to the retina, reduces the protective pigment in the macula, and works against the antioxidants your eyes rely on. Quitting helps at any age, and a former smoker's risk drops over time.
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Eat for your eyes
Build meals around leafy greens like kale and spinach, which are rich in the macular pigments lutein and zeaxanthin, plus colorful vegetables and fish high in omega-3s. A Mediterranean-style pattern is consistently linked with better eye health.
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Protect your eyes from sunlight
Years of bright light exposure may add to AMD risk over a lifetime. Good sunglasses that block ultraviolet light, plus a wide-brimmed hat on bright days, are a simple, low-cost habit.
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Move and mind your heart
Regular physical activity, a healthy weight, and well-managed blood pressure and cholesterol all support the small blood vessels that feed the retina. The macula depends on good circulation.
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Know your risk and get exams
Tell your eye doctor if AMD runs in your family, and keep up with regular dilated eye exams, since early AMD has no symptoms and is best caught by a professional.
Step 1 in detail
Why smoking is the biggest lever
Smoking is the largest risk factor for AMD that you can actually control. It harms the blood supply to the retina, reduces the protective pigment in the macula, and works against the antioxidants your eyes rely on. The risk also rises the more and the longer you smoke, and secondhand smoke counts too. The encouraging part is that quitting helps at any age, and a former smoker's risk drops over time. If you already have AMD, stopping can slow it down.
People who smoke are up to four times more likely to develop AMD than people who do not smoke.
Quitting is hard because nicotine is addictive, so it is worth getting help. Ask your doctor about a smoking cessation program, and avoid high-dose beta-carotene supplements, which raise lung cancer risk in current and former smokers.
Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Full citation at the end of this page.
Step 2 in detail
What is good for your body is good for your macula
Build meals around leafy greens like kale and spinach, which are rich in the macular pigments lutein and zeaxanthin, plus colorful vegetables and fish high in omega-3s. A Mediterranean-style pattern, heavy on vegetables, fruit, whole grains, fish, and olive oil, is consistently linked with better eye health. If you do not eat much greens or fish, your eye doctor may suggest a supplement to help fill the gap.
Browse Macular Support and Eye Vitamins, or read the carotenoid therapy guide.
What you cannot change, and what to do about it
Some risk factors are out of your control, including getting older, a family history of AMD, and certain genetic and background factors. You cannot change these, but you can stay ahead of them.
Regular dilated exams
Early AMD has no symptoms and is best caught by a professional. Catching it early is what makes everything else more effective.
Home monitoring
An Amsler grid lets you check your central vision between visits, one eye at a time.
Dry Eye Rescue Tip
If you only do one thing on this list
Make it quitting smoking. It lowers your AMD risk more than any supplement, slows the disease if you already have it, and even improves how well treatment works. It is the highest-impact choice you can make for your central vision.
Find an Eye Doctor Near You
Prevention works best alongside regular exams, especially if AMD runs in your family. Dry Eye Rescue works with a network of over 5,000 eye care professionals. Use the Doctor Locator to find one near you.
Keep reading
Head back to the Macular Health guide for the full picture.
Guide
Macular Health and AMD
The full picture: what AMD is, how nutrition fits in, and when to see a doctor.
Read the Guide
AMD Basics
Dry AMD vs Wet AMD
The two forms compared, and the warning signs to watch for.
Read the Guide
Nutrition
Carotenoid Therapy for AMD and Macular Health
AREDS2, the triple carotenoid, and who each one is for.
Read the Guide
Monitoring
The Amsler Grid: Monitoring AMD at Home
A simple daily home check for changes in central vision.
Read the GuideFrequently asked questions
Can AMD be prevented?
There is no guaranteed way to prevent it, but healthy habits clearly lower your risk and can slow the disease if you already have it. Not smoking, eating well, sun protection, and heart health all help.
What is the single most important thing I can do?
Do not smoke, and quit if you do. Smoking is the largest risk factor you can control, and people who smoke are up to four times more likely to develop AMD.
Does quitting help if I have smoked for years?
Yes. Quitting lowers your risk over time at any age, and if you already have AMD, stopping can slow how fast it progresses and help treatment work better.
What foods are best for the macula?
Leafy greens like kale and spinach, colorful vegetables, and fish high in omega-3s. A Mediterranean-style diet built around these is linked with better eye health.
Do sunglasses really matter?
They help. Lifetime exposure to bright light may add to risk, so sunglasses that block ultraviolet light and a hat on bright days are a simple protective habit.
Should I take eye vitamins to prevent AMD?
For prevention, focus on diet and lifestyle. The AREDS2 formula is studied for people who already have intermediate or advanced AMD, not as a way to prevent AMD in people without it. Ask your doctor what fits you.
Can I lower my risk if AMD runs in my family?
You cannot change your genes, but you can control smoking, diet, sun exposure, and heart health, and you can get more frequent exams so anything is caught early.
Does exercise help?
Yes. Regular activity, a healthy weight, and good blood pressure and cholesterol support the blood vessels that feed the retina, which benefits the macula.
Where can I get my eyes checked?
Use the Dry Eye Rescue Doctor Locator to find an eye care professional near you for a dilated exam and ongoing monitoring.
Sources
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, on smoking and eye disease.
- National Eye Institute. AREDS and AREDS2 studies.
This page is educational and does not replace medical advice from your eye care professional or healthcare provider. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration, and any supplements referenced are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Talk with your doctor before starting any supplement or making major changes if you have a health condition, and have your eyes examined regularly. Product and brand names referenced on this site are trademarks of their respective owners.
